Open Data • Research Resources

Data & References

Access comprehensive genetic datasets, download research data, and explore the scientific literature that forms the foundation of this atlas.

88
Populations
Across 8 countries
3,482
Total Samples
Individual genomes
620K
Avg Variants
Per population
8
Publications
Academic sources
Key Publications
Scientific literature and research papers that form the foundation of this genetic atlas
Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Singh, L. (2009). Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature, 461(7263), 489-494.

Foundational paper establishing ANI and ASI ancestry components

DOI: 10.1038/nature08365
View Paper
Moorjani, P., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Lipson, M., Loh, P. R., Govindaraj, P., ... & Reich, D. (2013). Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93(3), 422-438.

Analysis of admixture timing and population mixture in India

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006
View Paper
Narasimhan, V. M., Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Rohland, N., Bernardos, R., Mallick, S., ... & Reich, D. (2019). The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science, 365(6457).

Comprehensive analysis using ancient DNA and modern populations

DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7487
View Paper
Basu, A., Sarkar-Roy, N., & Majumder, P. P. (2016). Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(6), 1594-1599.

Five-component model of Indian population structure

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513197113
View Paper
Kivisild, T., Rootsi, S., Metspalu, M., Mastana, S., Kaldma, K., Parik, J., ... & Villems, R. (2003). The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(2), 313-332.

Y-chromosome and mtDNA analysis of Indian populations

DOI: 10.1086/346068
View Paper
Cordaux, R., Aunger, R., Bentley, G., Nasidze, I., Sirajuddin, S. M., & Stoneking, M. (2004). Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages. Current Biology, 14(3), 231-235.

Genetic differentiation between caste and tribal populations

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024
View Paper
Sengupta, S., Zhivotovsky, L. A., King, R., Mehdi, S. Q., Edmonds, C. A., Chow, C. E. T., ... & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2006). Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(2), 202-221.

Y-chromosome phylogeography of South Asian populations

DOI: 10.1086/499411
View Paper
Metspalu, M., Romero, I. G., Yunusbayev, B., Chaubey, G., Mallick, C. B., Hudjashov, G., ... & Villems, R. (2011). Shared and unique components of human population structure and genome-wide signals of positive selection in South Asia. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89(6), 731-744.

Genome-wide analysis of South Asian population structure

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010
View Paper
Additional Reading
Recommended papers for deeper understanding of South Asian population genetics

Population Structure

  • • Rosenberg et al. 2006 - Clines, clusters, and human genetic diversity
  • • Xing et al. 2010 - Fine-scaled population structure in South Asia
  • • Novembre et al. 2008 - Genes mirror geography in Europe

Ancient DNA

  • • Lazaridis et al. 2016 - Genomic insights into the origin of farming
  • • Mathieson et al. 2018 - Ancient DNA from the Balkans
  • • Shinde et al. 2019 - Ancient Indus Valley DNA

Admixture Analysis

  • • Alexander et al. 2009 - Fast model-based estimation
  • • Patterson et al. 2012 - Ancient admixture in human history
  • • Hellenthal et al. 2014 - Genetic atlas of human admixture

Y-chromosome & mtDNA

  • • Sahoo et al. 2006 - Y-chromosome in Indian populations
  • • Thangaraj et al. 2005 - Maternal lineages in India
  • • Underhill et al. 2015 - Y-chromosome diversity